The history of london

London i /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. [5] It is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. [6]

London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km 2 ) mediaeval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. [7] The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region [8] and the Greater London administrative area, [9][note 1] governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. [10]

London is a leading global city, [11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. [13] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [14][15][16] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement. [note 2][17][18]

London is a world cultural capital. [19][20][21][22] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals [23] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. [24] London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. [25] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times. [26]

London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries. [27] London had an official population of 8,308,369 in 2012, [2] making it the most populous municipality in the European Union, [28] and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population. [29] The Greater London Urban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 9,787,426 according to the 2011 census. [3] The London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with a total population of 13,614,409, [note 3][4][30] while the Greater London Authority puts the population of London metropolitan region at 21 million. [31] London had the largest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925. [32]

London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). [33] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End  theatres. [34] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the